PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
														Waipipian	Villanyian	3
															Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
															Vallesian	8.7
													Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
														Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian												Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
														Mangaotanean		90.5
														Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
														Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan		100.5
														Urutawan		103.3
													Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian												Korangan		113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
									Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
									Adavere	434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
							Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
									Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Actonian †							453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †								455.2 *
					Longvillian †					Aurelucian			456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian	467.3
				Arenig					Fennian		Yapeenian	468.4 *
											Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian	470
									Whitlandian		Chewtonian	471.1 *
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc					Migneintian			477.7
						Cressagian			480.8 *
						Cressagian			Warendian		482.8 *
									Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8