PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian of North America			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6									0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Serravallian							Cenozoic 5									11.63
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3									33.9
				Bartonian							Cenozoic 3									37.71
				Lutetian							Cenozoic 2									41.2
				Ypresian							Cenozoic 2									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1									56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian							Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian							Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4					Late Albian				100.5
																Middle Albian				106.2 *
																Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian							Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian				113
				Aptian							Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian							Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian							Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian												Late Berriasian				139.8
																Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian							Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian							Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian												Late Bajocian				168.2
				Bajocian												Early Bajocian				168.6 *
				Aalenian							Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian				174.7
																Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
																Early Toarcian				182.9 *
				Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
				Sinemurian							Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian							Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4									201.4
				Norian												Sevatian				208.5
																Alaunian				213.2 *
																Lacian				216.7 *
				Carnian							Triassic 3					Tuvalian				227
				Carnian							Triassic 3					Julian				233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
			Wordian	Midian			264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2		273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
			Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan		421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian					Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas			Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian		Wych			Woolhope			Lockportian	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian									436.3 *
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park								439.3 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ordovician 5	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian										Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian										Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian									Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian									Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian									Ordovician 2	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Ordovician 2	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian									Ordovician 1	Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian									Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Cambrian 5				485.4
			Jiangshanian													489.5
			Paibian													494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Cambrian 4				497
			Drumian									Cambrian 4				500.5
			Wuliuan									Cambrian 3				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3				509
		Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Wonokan †											Vendian †	571.7 *
																				635