PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
									Hemingfordian	16.3
									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian					106.2 *
					Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian			Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
					Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
					Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		445.2				Ordovician 5
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1				529
										538.8