PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †			2.58
				Zanclean								3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian							Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian								15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					100.5
							Middle Albian					106.2 *
							Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian					113
				Aptian			Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
							Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
							Early Berriasian					142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †		497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian								2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
												4600