PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian										113
		Aptian			Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian			Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian										227
		Carnian			Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian										237
		Ladinian			Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian										242
					Pelsonian										243.8 *
					Bithynian										244.7 *
					Aegean										245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		Vokhmian								247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian										248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian										251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian										251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian					273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian					283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian					286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian					290.1
		Asselian								Nealian			Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian											Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian											Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	307										Desmoinesian
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
			Middle Famennian								365.3 *
			Early Famennian								368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian					Adorf			372.2
			Middle Frasnian								375.4 *
			Early Frasnian								379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian					Givetian			382.7
			Middle Givetian								383.7 *
			Early Givetian								385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian					Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian					Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian					Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian					Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian			Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine						419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton						421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood						423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas						426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas						427.4
		Homerian	Wych			Woolhope						428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park									439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean								493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran		Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4			Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran							514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
															538.8