PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian								Pannonian	9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian								Sarmatian	11.63
				Barstovian								Sarmatian	12.5
												Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
				Hemingfordian									16.3
				Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian									47.8
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian		Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Couvinien		Southwoodian	Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian				Southwoodian	Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien				Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine				Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
													430.5