PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian											2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian											3.1 *
		Zanclean		Ruscinian											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian											5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian											7.246
		Tortonian		Vallesian											8.7
		Serravallian		Astaracian											11.63
		Langhian		Astaracian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian											15.98
		Burdigalian		Agenian											20
		Aquitanian		Agenian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian					100.5
										Middle Albian					106.2 *
										Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian					139.8
										Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
										Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian					174.7
										Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
										Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian								Sevatian					208.5
										Alaunian					213.2 *
										Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian					227
		Carnian								Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian					237
		Ladinian								Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian					242
										Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
					Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian		Rootsikula	427.4
									Gleedonian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
									Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula								439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula								440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru								441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †						Branchian	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran								514
				Montezuman								514.8 *
				Montezuman							Placentian	517.1
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8