PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene		Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan								3.6
						Montehermosan								3.7 *
						Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
						Chasicoan								7.9 *
						Mayoan								9.9 *
						Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene		Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian				Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene		Friasian								15.98
						Santacrucian								16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene		Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene		Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Riochican								56
						Itaboraian								56.9 *
						Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene		Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan	150
													Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Warepan			208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian		264.28
		Wordian			Barettian		266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian		283.5
					Telfordian		285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
						Payntonian		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			486.8 *
						Payntonian		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian		Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian		Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Idamean			Paibian		494
		Paibian				Idamean			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian			Guzhangian		499
		Drumian				Undillan			Drumian		500.5
		Drumian				Floran			Drumian		503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan				Ordian			Wuliuan/Taijangian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian	Caerfai		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4							Duyunian		510.8 *
		Stage 3							Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8