PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of China			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic			Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean														Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean														Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian														Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian														Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian														Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian														Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian														Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
								Planulata									179.3 *
								Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
								Kanense									181.3 *
								Carlottense									182.3 *
								Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae									184.2
								Freboldi									185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian															192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
					Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
					Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pirgu	449.5
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian											Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
														Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian		467.3			Volkhov
		Dapingian				Dapingian		Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian				470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
								Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian							477.7
									Lianghekou †				477.9 *
								Varangu					481.3 *
								Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort		485.4
										486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †										504.5
																	509