PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of North America			European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran					0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian							Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian							Castlecliffian					0.774
				Calabrian							Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian					MN 17		Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian					MN 17		Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16		Mangapanian					2.58
									MN 16		Waipipian					3
									MN 15							3.2
				Zanclean												3.6
											Opoitian					3.7
									MN 14							4.2
									MN 13							4.9
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian					MN 12							7.246
									MN 11							7.75
									MN 10							8.7
									MN 9							9.7
									MN 9	Southland	Waiauan					11.04
									MN 7 + 8							11.1
				Serravallian					MN 7 + 8							11.63
									MN 6							12.8 *
									MN 6		Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian					MN 5		Lillburnian					13.82
											Clifdenian					15.1
										Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian					MN 4							15.98
									MN 3							16.9
									MN 3		Otaian					18.7
									MN 2							20
				Aquitanian												20.44
										Landon	Waitakian					21.7
									MN 1							22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
											Duntroonian					25.2
											Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
										Arnold	Runangan					34.6
											Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian							Kaiatan					37.71
				Bartonian							Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian							Bortonian					41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
											Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian							Heretaungan					47.8
											Mangaorapan					48.9
											Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian					56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian					66
				Campanian							Haumurian					72.1
				Santonian							Piripauan					83.6
				Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
											Mangaotanean					90.5
											Arowhanan					93.7
Cenomanian				93.9							Arowhanan
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
			Induan				251.2
			Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb	266.9
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian					Virgilian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian					Missourian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
								Missourian	Dalaun	305.8 *
								Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
								Morrowan		318.4 *
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	Chesterian	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean					Shangsian		330.9
								Jiusian		335 *
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen					407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan						419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran						422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian							Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian	Whitwellian							Lockportian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan						Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian					Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				1000	Karatau
		Stenian				Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
																1400