PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean			Cenozoic 6			0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian		Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian		Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian				Ionian		Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian							7.246
		Tortonian					Pannonian	Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Sarmatian	Clarendonian			Cenozoic 5			11.63
							Sarmatian	Barstovian						12.5
							Badenian							12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
								Hemingfordian						16.3
								Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4			23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
								Whitneyan						29.5
								Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian			Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan			Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian						47.8
								Wasatchian						50.5
								Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian			Cenozoic 1			56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian						Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian									Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian									Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Cretaceous 4			100.5
		Aptian									Cretaceous 3			113
		Barremian									Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian									Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian									Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian									Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian									Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian									Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Permian 3	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Autunian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Silurian 2		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas			Gleedonian	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope			Gleedonian	428.4 *
									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4				453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3						458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Ordovician 2			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ordovician 1		Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian					Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan					Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1						529
														538.8