PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian of Germany	Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Silurian of the Baltic
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian				100.5
							Middle Albian				106.2 *
							Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian				113
		Aptian					Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian				139.8
							Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
							Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian				174.7
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian					Sevatian				208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian				227
		Carnian					Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian				237
		Ladinian					Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian				242
							Pelsonian				243.8 *
							Bithynian				244.7 *
							Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian				251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian					303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian					307
		Moscovian				Atokan					312.7 *
		Bashkirian	315.2			Atokan
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Adorf		Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko		Givetian	Late Givetian			382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian	Chotec		Eifelian	Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Chotec		Eifelian	Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Emsian	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Emsian	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Siegen	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
								Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
								Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
											443.8