PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene		Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene		Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan								3.6
							Montehermosan								3.7 *
							Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
							Chasicoan								7.9 *
							Mayoan								9.9 *
							Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene		Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian					Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene		Friasian								15.98
							Santacrucian								16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene		Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene		Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian			Early Eocene		Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian			Early Eocene		Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Riochican								56
							Itaboraian								56.9 *
							Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene		Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan	150
														Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Melekhovian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian						264.28
						Noginskian		264.9 *
				Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Mangapirian				276
						Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian	307
					Podolskian	308.9 *
					Kashirian	311.4 *
					Vereian	313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
							Payntonian		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			486.8 *
							Payntonian		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian		Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian					Iverian		Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian					Idamean			Paibian		494
		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *			Idamean			Paibian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan	St Davids				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian					Guzhangian		499
		Drumian	Undillan					Drumian		500.5
		Drumian	Floran					Drumian		503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian					Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian					Wuliuan/Taijangian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian	Caerfai				Duyunian		509
		Stage 4						Duyunian		510.8 *
		Stage 3						Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian		530.7
															538.8