PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		23.03
							Monroecreekian						23.1 *
							Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene		47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Senonian	66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Gallic	100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian										Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
													538.8