PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4							Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian					113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian									Sevatian					208.5
											Alaunian					213.2 *
											Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3							Tuvalian					227
		Carnian		Triassic 3							Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
						Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
										Gleedonian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
										Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Sheinwoodian										Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian										Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		438.5
				Alexandrian									438.7 *
												Raikkula	439.4 *
									Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian										Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5										445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian	Albertian †							497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †							Branchian	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Dyeran									514
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Montezuman								Placentian	517.1
					Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																538.8