PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan								3.6
				Montehermosan								3.7 *
				Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
				Chasicoan								7.9 *
				Mayoan								9.9 *
				Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian		Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian		Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian								15.98
				Santacrucian								16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican								56
				Itaboraian								56.9 *
				Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian			150
								Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
								Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian		168.6 *					Humphresianum
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				Thouarsense	174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan	Thouarsense	176
										180.1
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182
			Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian					201.4
		Norian			Warepan		Sevatian			208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
							Lacian			216.7 *
					Otamitan					217
					Oretian					221
		Carnian			Oretian		Tuvalian			227
			Gore		Kaihikuan		Tuvalian			227.5
							Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian			237
					Etalian		Longobardian			238
							Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian			242
							Pelsonian			243.8 *
							Bithynian			244.7 *
							Aegean			245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian			247.2
							Smithian			248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian			249
		Induan					Dienerian			251.2
							Griesbachian			251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5		Griesbachian
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
							Huashibanian			318.5 *
							Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian			358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
												443.8