PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian					Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean				Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene		3.6
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											4.7
									Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
									Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian							Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene		15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Xiejiaan						16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian										23.1 *
					Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian		Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian					Early Eocene		47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian							307
		Moscovian	Atokan							312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan						315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan						318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian						323.2
		Visean	Chesterian						330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
				Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
				Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		Buildwas	427.4
				Rootsikula	Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
				Adavere			434 *
							436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
				Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8