PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean								Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					Tarantian							0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean					Ionian							0.129
				Irvingtonian												0.21
													Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
				Blancan												1.4
													Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
		Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
													Opoitian			3.7
				Hemphillian									Opoitian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
				Clarendonian												9.4
												Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
				Barstovian												12.5
													Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Hemingfordian												16.3
				Arikareean												18.5
													Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian			23.03
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
				Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian														37.71
													Bortonian			39.1
				Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
				Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
				Wasatchian									Mangaorapan			50.5
				Wasatchian									Waipawan			52
				Clarkforkian									Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									Teurian			56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian		Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian		Wordian	Urzhumian	264.9 *
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
						Pavlovoposadian				Filipovian	276.8 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
								Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
						Rusavkinian					287.6 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian					303.7
						Khamovnikian					304.8
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Podolskian			308.9 *
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian		330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine					419.2
				Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton					421.3
				Kaugetuma		Bringewood/Elton					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423
		Ludfordian		Paadla		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		Buildwas					427.4
				Rootsikula	Wych	Woolhope					428.4 *
				Jaagarahu							429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu							430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani							433.4
				Adavere							434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
					Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
				Raikkula							439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula							440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
											Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
											Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
											Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian					453				Gisbornian
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Yapeenian	Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	Yiyangian			470
							Bendigonian				471.8 *
							Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Xinchangian			477.7
										Lianghekou †	477.9 *
							Warendian			Lianghekou †	482.8 *
																485.4