PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of England		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian									0.129
				Chibanian		Ionian		Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian							3
				Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian				Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian				Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian								Kekeamuan			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian				Heretaungan					Bumbanian		47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
								Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian				Gashatan			56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian						Senonian	66
				Campanian				Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian				Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean							90.5
								Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian				Arowhanan							93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
								Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan						Gallic	100.5
								Urutawan							103.3
							Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian				Korangan							113
				Aptian											117.5
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian										Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
			Induan			251.2
			Induan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb	266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
							Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
							Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			Buildwas	427.4
							Rootsikula		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
							Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
							Adavere	434 *
										436.3 *
			Aeronian	438.5
				Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
					Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				443.8
			Katian		Bolindian				445.2
					Eastonian				449 *
					Gisbornian				452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian				467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian				468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian				470
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian				477.7
			Tremadocian		Warendian				482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635