PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian										Middle Pleistocene			0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Tertiary †									Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian										Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean			Waipipian										Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian										Early Pliocene			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean										Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan										Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian													13.82
					Clifdenian													15.1
				Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian										Early Miocene			15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene			23.03
					Duntroonian													25.2
					Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan													34.6
					Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian													39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian													41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
					Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan					Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.8
					Mangaorapan													48.9
					Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian				Gashatan						Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian			Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
					Mangaotanean													90.5
					Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan													93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
					Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan													100.5
					Urutawan													103.3
				Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian			Korangan													113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	Cayugan		419.2
							Kaugetuma	Cayugan	421.7 *
							Kaugetuma	Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	Lockportian		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	Lockportian		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	Ontarian		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Raikkula				439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
			Edenian							450.4 *
			Mohawkian						Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian	453
									Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian						Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Caerfai	Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																		538.8