PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian	Middle Pleistocene							0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Late Pliocene							2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian	Late Pliocene							3
		Zanclean			Waipipian	Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian	Early Pliocene							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan								7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan	Middle Miocene							11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian								13.82
					Clifdenian								15.1
				Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian	Early Miocene							15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian	Late Oligocene							23.03
					Duntroonian								25.2
					Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene							33.9
				Arnold	Runangan								34.6
					Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian								41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
					Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan	Early Eocene							47.8
					Mangaorapan								48.9
					Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian	Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian			Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
					Mangaotanean								90.5
					Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan								93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
					Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan								100.5
					Urutawan								103.3
				Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian			Korangan								113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	Rootsikula			427.4
					Wych	Rootsikula		Woolhope	428.4 *
						Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5			Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
			Adavere			434 *
								436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere	450.6 *
							Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Late Cambrian	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran				514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8