PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mammal Paleogene Zones
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		MP 16		37.71
		Lutetian									MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian									298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian									303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian									307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian									323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian									330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian											358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian											372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian											382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian											387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian											393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare										419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma										421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
					Aksaian					490.7 *
					Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian						Paibian		494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
					Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8