PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian				Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene	Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian				Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian				Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian				Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene	Friasian					15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian				Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene						23.03
				Rupelian			Early Oligocene						27.82
				Rupelian			Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian			Late Eocene	Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian				Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian			Early Eocene	Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian			Early Eocene	Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Riochican					56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene						61.6
				Danian			Early Paleocene	Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian							66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic							100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian					Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian						Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
		Tonian						Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau	1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan	1375
													1400