PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene															0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene															0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene															5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene															7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene															11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene															13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene															15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene															41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene											Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										Gashatan					56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene															59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian					489.5
								Aksaian									490.7 *
								Sakian									492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian					494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian				Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
			Toyonian							Dyeran					511 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian			514
										Montezuman					514.8 *
			Atdabanian							Montezuman					515.6 *
			Atdabanian							Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		Manykaian †				530.7
																			538.8