PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian				Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian				Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian			Ionian				Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian							Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian							Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean							Chapadmalalan		3.6
											Montehermosan		3.7 *
											Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
											Chasicoan		7.9 *
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
				Serravallian							Laventan		11.63
				Serravallian							Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian							Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian							Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian							Friasian		15.98
											Santacrucian		16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian							Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
				Rupelian							Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian							Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian							Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian							Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian							Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican		56
											Itaboraian		56.9 *
											Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
				Danian							Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare					423
			Ludfordian		Paadla					423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu					429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu					430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani					431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani					433.4
			Telychian		Adavere					434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere					438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula					439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula					440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan							1375
													1400