PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran			Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean			0.129
										Irvingtonian			0.21
							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
										Blancan			1.4
							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian						3
		Zanclean					Waipipian						3.6
							Opoitian						3.7
							Opoitian			Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
										Clarendonian			9.4
						Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
										Barstovian			12.5
							Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian						13.82
							Clifdenian						15.1
						Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
										Hemingfordian			16.3
										Arikareean			18.5
							Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian						23.03
							Duntroonian						25.2
							Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
										Whitneyan			29.5
										Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian			33.9
						Arnold	Runangan						34.6
							Kaiatan						36.7
										Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian											37.71
							Bortonian						39.1
										Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
							Heretaungan						45.7
										Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
							Mangaorapan						48.9
							Mangaorapan			Wasatchian			50.5
							Waipawan			Wasatchian			52
							Waipawan			Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian			Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Late Albian	100.5
				Urutawan		Late Albian	103.3
				Urutawan		Middle Albian	106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan		Middle Albian	108.4
						Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian	113
						Late Aptian	117.5
						Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
						Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
						Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian			Wordian	264.9 *
		Roadian							Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
						Pavlovoposadian			Cathedralian	276.8 *
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
					Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
						Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian					303.7
						Khamovnikian					304.8
						Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
						Podolskian					308.9 *
						Kashirian					311.4 *
						Vereian					313.8
						Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Melekessian				315.2
						Cheremshanian				316.9 *
						Prikamian				318.6 *
						Severokeltmian				319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
						Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian				323.2
				Protvian						324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Early Mississippian		346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare						419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula						Gleedonian	427.4
				Jaagarahu						Gleedonian	429.2 *
										Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani							433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5						Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran				514
					Montezuman				514.8 *
					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8