PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian					Late Miocene					7.246
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian					Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
				Aquitanian					Early Miocene					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian					Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian								113
				Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
						Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
						Early Berriasian								142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
						Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan		152.2 *
						Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
				Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
						Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan		176
						Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
						Early Toarcian								182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
Norian				Sevatian	Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
Carnian				Tuvalian	Oretian	227
				Tuvalian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian		Etalian		238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean		Malakovian		246
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian		Nelsonian		249
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Buntsandstein		251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan			254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian		Leine	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian		Leine	266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
						Telfordian			285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani			433.4
			Telychian				Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian								Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan							Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan							Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4							Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3							Dyeran			514
Montezuman				514.8 *
Montezuman				Placentian						517.1
Begadean										519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian						720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000
		Ectasian						1200
		Calymmian						1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian						1600
		Orosirian			1800
		Rhyacian			2050
		Siderian			2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
														4600