PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic			Obsolete Precambrian Ages			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene									0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Late Pliocene									2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene									3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene									5.333
				Tortonian						Late Miocene									7.246
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene									11.63
				Langhian						Middle Miocene									13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene									15.98
				Aquitanian						Early Miocene									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene									33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene									37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene									41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene									56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene									59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian														Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													Vokhmian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													Vokhmian		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †									Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian													Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
				Wordian													Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian													Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian															293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
				Kasimovian															303.7
				Moscovian															307
				Bashkirian															315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju			Porkuni		Bolindian	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu		Bolindian	445.2
									Pirgu		Eastonian	449 *
							Vormsi		449.6 *
							Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Oandu			Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †		453
							Haljala				453.9
							Kukruse				456.4 *
							Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			Darriwilian	458.4
							Lasnamagi				458.9 *
							Aseri				460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Yapeenian		467.3
										Castlemainian		468.5 *
							Billingen			Castlemainian		469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
									Latorp †	Chewtonian		470.1 *
										Bendigonian		471.8 *
										Lancefieldian		473.5 *
							Hunneberg					473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg					477.7
							Varangu					481.3 *
							Pakerort					482.2 *
										Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			489.5
	Paibian		Paibian							494
	Paibian		Paibian							Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635