PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean						0.129
				Chibanian			Irvingtonian						0.21
				Calabrian			Irvingtonian						0.774
				Calabrian			Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean	Tertiary †			Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean									3.6
							Hemphillian						4.7
								Baodean					4.9
			Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
												Vallesian	8.7
							Clarendonian						9.4
								Tunggurian					11.1
				Serravallian								Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian			Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian				Shanwangian					13.82
				Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
							Hemingfordian						16.3
							Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan					16.9
							Arikareean						18.5
												Agenian	20
				Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian			Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian			Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian			Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian			Bridgerian						47.8
							Wasatchian						50.5
							Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian						56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian						56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian						59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian						61.6
				Danian			Puercan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
			Telychian					Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian				438.5	Adavere
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
													1400