PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian								47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian			Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian						100.5
							Middle Albian						106.2 *
							Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian						113
		Aptian					Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian						139.8
							Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
							Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A					303.7
					Cantabrian					305 *
									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
							Westphalian A			317 *
							Westphalian A		Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
							Marsdenian		Lousuan	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
							Arnsbergian			324 *
							Pendleian			327.4 *
							Pendleian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
				Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian									Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian									Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian									Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian									Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
													443.8