PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian							Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian							Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian							Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene	23.03
													Monroecreekian			23.1 *
													Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian		Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian													Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian												To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian				497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian				Branchian	509
		Stage 3											Branchian	514
		Stage 3											Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8