PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		European Faunal Zones	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian			MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15									3.6
					MN 14									4.2
					MN 14							Hemphillian		4.7
					MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12									7.246
					MN 11									7.75
					MN 10									8.7
					MN 10							Clarendonian		9.4
					MN 9									9.7
					MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian											Cenozoic 5	11.63
												Barstovian		12.5
					MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4									15.98
					MN 4							Hemingfordian		16.3
					MN 3							Hemingfordian		16.9
					MN 3							Arikareean		18.5
					MN 2									20
		Aquitanian			MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian		47.8
												Wasatchian		50.5
												Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian										Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *									Cretaceous 3
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian								Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8						Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514	Dyeran
										Montezuman	514.8 *
										Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
														538.8