PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian	66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic	100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan									150
						Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian				Warepan									208.5
						Otamitan									217
						Oretian									221
		Carnian				Oretian									227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian				Etalian									238
		Anisian				Etalian									242
		Anisian				Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian									249
		Induan				Nelsonian									251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan									251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan									251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian									253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian									254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan									254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian									259.51
		Wordian				Flettian									264.28
		Wordian				Barettian									266
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian									276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian									283.5
						Telfordian									285
															288.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian							300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian							303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun							305.8 *
		Moscovian													307
		Bashkirian													315.2
								Huashibanian							318.5 *
			Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						477.7
		Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
										Aksaian				490.7 *
										Sakian				492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian		Waucoban †				509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
									Dyeran		Toyonian			511 *
											Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
									Montezuman					514.8 *
									Montezuman		Atdabanian			515.6 *
									Begadean		Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
															538.8