PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian						0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian						0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
								Hemingfordian						16.3
								Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
								Whitneyan						29.5
								Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian						47.8
								Wasatchian						50.5
								Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian						56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian						56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian						59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian						61.6
				Danian				Puercan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian			113
				Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						485.4
			Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian								Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian						Albertian †	497
			Drumian		Marjumian							500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan							504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran							514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
		Orosirian											1800
		Rhyacian											2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
														4600