PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene					0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian	Early Pliocene					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian	Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene					15.98
							Hemingfordian						16.3
							Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean	Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean	Middle Eocene		MP 16			37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan			MP 16			39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian	Early Eocene		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
							Wasatchian						50.5
							Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene		MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian	Late Paleocene		MP 6			56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian					Puercan	Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	254.14
			Kalabagh	255 *
			Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian		Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean		Chesterian		330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian					Cazenovian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
													419.2