PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene				Ionian				0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					Villanyian			2.58
				Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					Ruscinian			3.1 *
				Zanclean				Early Pliocene					Ruscinian			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					Turolian			5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian			7.246
				Tortonian									Vallesian			8.7
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene					Astaracian			11.63
				Langhian				Middle Miocene					Astaracian			13.82
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene					Orleanian			15.98
				Burdigalian									Agenian			20
				Aquitanian									Agenian			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene							Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene						Gashatan		56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Buntsandstein					251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller					259.51
				Wordian							Leine					264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian												283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian	Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian		305.9
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian				Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian				Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian								2300
Archean	Neoarchean									2500
	Mesoarchean									2800
	Paleoarchean									3200
	Eoarchean									3600
Hadean										4000
																4600