PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian	20
		Aquitanian					Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						33.9
		Bartonian						37.71
		Lutetian						41.2
		Ypresian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						56
		Selandian						59.2
		Danian						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Midian			264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
								538.8