PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of North America	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian			Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian											227
		Carnian			Julian											233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian											237
		Ladinian			Fassanian											239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian											242
					Pelsonian											243.8 *
					Bithynian											244.7 *
					Aegean											245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian											247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian											248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian											251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian											251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian														259.51
		Wordian														264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian							264.9 *
		Roadian														266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Kungurian							Pavlovoposadian							276.8 *
		Artinskian							Pavlovoposadian							283.5
		Artinskian							Rusavkinian							287.6 *
		Sakmarian														290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian			Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	Dorogomilovian							303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Krevyakinian	Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Podolskian					308.9 *
			Kashirian					311.4 *
			Kashirian	Atokan				312.7 *
			Vereian					313.8
			Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Cheremshanian					316.9 *
			Cheremshanian	Morrowan				318.4 *
			Prikamian					318.6 *
			Severokeltmian					319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
			Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	Zapaltjubian			Late Mississippian	323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian				326.8 *
				Tarusian				329 *
		Visean		Venevian			Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Mikhailovian				331.9 *
				Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Meramecian	Tulian		335.8 *
			Meramecian	Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Osagean	Bobrikian		343.1 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		Early Mississippian	346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
			Kinderhookian	Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian					Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill					Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
					Caradoc					Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
					Arenig					Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
												Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Chewtonian		470
										Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
												Bendigonian		471.8 *
												Lancefieldian		473.5 *
										Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc					Migneintian				477.7
										Cressagian				480.8 *
										Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
												Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8