PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of the Baltic
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					100.5
					Middle Albian					106.2 *
					Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian					113
		Aptian			Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
					Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
					Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian					174.7
					Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian			Sevatian					208.5
					Alaunian					213.2 *
					Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian					227
		Carnian			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian					237
		Ladinian			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian					242
					Pelsonian					243.8 *
					Bithynian					244.7 *
					Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian					251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel			298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7					Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B			315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
										443.8