PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127760 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6						0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian													Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian													Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian													Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian													Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian													Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian													Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean													Chapadmalalan				3.6
															Montehermosan				3.7 *
															Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
															Chasicoan				7.9 *
															Mayoan				9.9 *
															Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian											Cenozoic 5		Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian													Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian													Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian													Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian													Friasian				15.98
															Santacrucian				16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian													Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian													Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4						23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
		Rupelian													Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											Cenozoic 3		Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian													Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian											Cenozoic 2						41.2
		Lutetian													Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian													Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian													Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cenozoic 1		Riochican				56
															Itaboraian				56.9 *
															Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
		Danian													Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								Cretaceous 4						100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3						113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3						119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5						149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
					Late Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
					Early Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan				Thouarsense		176
										180.1
					Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Jurassic 2	188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3				Oretian	227
			Tuvalian				Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2					237
			Longobardian						Etalian	238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1					247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian				DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian				Makarewan	Melekhovian	Permian 4	251.902
					Meishanian				Waiitian			253.2
					Baoqingian							253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian							254.14
					Laoshanian				Puruhauan			254.2
					Laibinian				Puruhauan			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan		Capitanian		Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		Wordian						264.28
										Noginskian			264.9 *
												Barettian	266
		Roadian					Permian 3				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian		Permian 2				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
												Mangapirian		276
										Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
													Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian												283.5
												Telfordian		285
					Longlinian									285.4 *
											Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
										Rusavkinian				287.6 *
														288.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian				303.7
						Khamovnikian				304.8
						Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian	Carboniferous 4			307
						Podolskian				308.9 *
						Kashirian				311.4 *
						Vereian				313.8
						Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian		315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
						Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Cambrian 5		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †		Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Marjumian						500.5	Cambrian 4
		Wuliuan	Topazan						Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran					Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		Cambrian 2				514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1				529
																			538.8