PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian												Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian												Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian												Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian												Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
					Planulata										179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
					Kanense										181.3 *
					Carlottense										182.3 *
					Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae										184.2
					Freboldi										185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Zechstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Midian				259.51
		Wordian		Midian				264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian	Autunian	Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian						303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian						305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian						307
		Moscovian	Atokan						312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan						315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan						318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian						323.2
		Visean	Chesterian						330.9
			Meramecian						335.8 *
			Osagean						343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean						346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian						351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan							Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian							Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian							Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3				514						Branchian
		Stage 3				Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
															538.8