PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
					Planulata									179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
					Kanense									181.3 *
					Carlottense									182.3 *
					Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae									184.2
					Freboldi									185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian												192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel				298.9
				Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian						Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian									Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian									Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian			Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	Early Cambrian					509
		Stage 4			Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran							514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8