PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of France	Silurian of the Baltic	South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian			Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian							Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian							Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian							Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan				3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Baodean			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
						Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian			Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian							Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
						Xiejiaan			Santacrucian				16.9
									Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian							Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian							Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian							Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian							Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican				56
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian							Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	Gleedonian		427.4
							Jaagarahu	Gleedonian		429.2 *
								Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			438.5		Adavere
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
													485.4