PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian			Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian			Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4		Late Albian					100.5
							Middle Albian					106.2 *
							Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian					113
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian					139.8
							Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
							Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian			Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian					174.7
							Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
							Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian					208.5
							Alaunian					213.2 *
							Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian			Triassic 3		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian			Triassic 3		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Devonian 5	Late Famennian			358.9
						Middle Famennian			365.3 *
						Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
						Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
						Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Southwoodian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Southwoodian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Devonian 2			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2		Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1					529
												538.8