PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian								Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian								Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean		Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian		Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian		Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
						Hemingfordian									16.3
						Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian				Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian			Bumbanian					Early Eocene	47.8
						Wasatchian									50.5
						Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian								Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian								Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian		Puercan								Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian								66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic								100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian			Neocomian								125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian					393.3
			Pragian		Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian		Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10								487.5
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
															1400