PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Australia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian									0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian									0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean					Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
						Hemphillian									4.7
								Baodean							4.9
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
						Clarendonian									9.4
								Tunggurian							11.1
				Serravallian											11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian				Shanwangian							13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
						Hemingfordian									16.3
						Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan							16.9
						Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian									47.8
						Wasatchian									50.5
						Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian									61.6
				Danian		Puercan									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
			Wordian	Midian			264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †					298.9
			Kasimovian	Mapingian †					303.7
			Kasimovian						305.9
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			430.5			Jaagarahu
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
			Telychian			Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Datsonian	485.4
			Stage 10						Payntonian	486.8 *
			Jiangshanian						Iverian	489.5
			Paibian						Idamean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian						Boomerangian		499
			Drumian						Undillan		500.5
			Drumian						Floran		503
			Wuliuan		Templetonian				Stage 5 †		504.5
			Wuliuan		Ordian				Stage 5 †		507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian						509
			Stage 4								510.8 *
			Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635