PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	European Faunal Units	Carboniferous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian							Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian							Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian					Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian					Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean		Ruscinian					Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian					Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian						7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian						8.7
				Serravallian		Astaracian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian		Astaracian					Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian					Early Miocene	15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian						20
				Aquitanian		Agenian						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian							Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian					Bumbanian		Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan			Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian							Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian							Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
				Wordian								264.28
				Roadian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
				Artinskian								283.5
				Sakmarian								290.1
				Asselian								293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
Kasimovian				303.7			Late Pennsylvanian
Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
			Pragian		Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635