PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of France
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian								11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian								13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian								15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian								20
		Aquitanian					Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										150
					Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian			Warepan										208.5
					Otamitan										217
					Oretian										221
		Carnian			Oretian										227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian			Etalian										238
		Anisian			Etalian										242
		Anisian			Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	Vokhmian									247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian										249
		Induan			Nelsonian										251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan										251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan										251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian										253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Pragian						Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
															485 *