PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian						Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
										Hemingfordian				16.3
										Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
										Whitneyan				29.5
										Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
										Wasatchian				50.5
										Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian						Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian			113
				Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian			150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *		Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian		154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan			164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian	168.2
								Late Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.4
								Early Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				Thouarsense	Late Toarcian		174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan		Thouarsense			176
											180.1
									Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Middle Toarcian		182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Aratauran			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
			Norian		Warepan				Sevatian		208.5
									Alaunian		213.2 *
									Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan						217
					Oretian						221
			Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian		227
				Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian		227.5
									Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
					Etalian				Longobardian		238
									Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian		242
									Pelsonian		243.8 *
									Bithynian		244.7 *
									Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian				Aegean		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian		247.2
									Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian				Smithian		249
			Induan						Dienerian		251.2
									Griesbachian		251.4 *
	DUrville			Makarewan	Kathwai				Griesbachian	251.5 *
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian		Kathwai				Changhsingian		251.902
											252.4 *
					Chhidru						252.9 *
				Waiitian							253.2
				Waiitian					Wuchiapingian		254.14
				Puruhauan							254.2
					Kalabagh						255 *
					Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian		Capitanian	Aparima					Flettian		259.51
			Wordian								264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
					Amb						266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb						266.9
			Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian		Kungurian								273.01
			Kungurian						Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian						Mangapirian		283.5
									Telfordian		285
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian								293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †			Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †			Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635