PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene																0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene												Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene											Gashatan					56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian																	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
											Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian					489.5
									Aksaian									490.7 *
									Sakian									492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian					494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Duyunian				Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian						Lenian †		510 *
			Toyonian								Dyeran					511 *
			Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3											Nangaoian			514
											Montezuman					514.8 *
			Atdabanian								Montezuman					515.6 *
			Atdabanian								Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian					Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian		Manykaian †		530.7
																				538.8